Philosophers like Immanuel Kant and John Rawls have shown that rational consistency and human dignity can provide a stable basis for moral objectivity without invoking the divine. Objective norms can emerge from shared human conditions, not just religious authority.

Religious teachings vary greatly—consider differing stances on capital punishment or women’s rights between religions. This diversity suggests that moral objectivity isn’t necessarily a product of divine command. For examples, see Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.