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Destructive
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Exploitation of Resources and People
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Colonial powers extracted immense wealth from colonies by exploiting natural resources and indigenous labor. The extraction rarely benefited the local populations, leaving many regions impoverished despite their rich resources. Forced labor systems, land seizures, and unfair trade practices were common, ensuring that profits flowed to the colonizers.

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Some Infrastructure Remained
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Colonial rule did build some infrastructure like railroads, ports, and administrative systems, which some countries still use today. These developments could be seen as laying the groundwork for post-independence growth.
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Cultural Erosion and Identity Loss
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Colonial powers often suppressed native cultures, languages, and religions, imposing Western values and educational systems. This led to the loss of traditional knowledge, customs, and languages in many societies.

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Cultural Syncretism Emerged
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Colonial encounters also led to new, hybrid cultures blending elements of both indigenous and colonial traditions, which can be seen in art, language, and religion today.
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Political Instability and Arbitrary Borders
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Arbitrary borders and divide-and-rule tactics employed by colonial rulers contributed to ethnic conflict and political instability in many post-colonial states. These effects still undermine governance and peace.

Read more in this JSTOR study.

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Post-Colonial Leaders Share Blame
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While colonial structures were flawed, many postcolonial nations have had decades to modify or replace them. Blaming contemporary instability solely on colonialism overlooks domestic political agency.

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Overview