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Transformative
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Modern Institutions and Education
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Colonial rule introduced modern education systems, legal frameworks, and administrative institutions that some nations retained and adapted post-independence, laying the foundation for later development.

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Systems Served Colonial Interests
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These institutions were designed to serve colonial powers, not to empower locals. Education, for instance, often focused on producing clerks rather than fostering critical or technical skills.
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Global Economic Integration
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Colonialism connected remote regions to global markets through trade routes, ports, and currency systems. This integration continues to shape economic patterns and opportunities today.

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Unequal Trade Systems
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Trade was highly asymmetrical, favoring the colonizers. Colonized regions exported raw materials and imported finished goods, limiting local industrial development.
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Healthcare and Sanitation Advances
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Colonial governments introduced hospitals, sanitation systems, and public health campaigns that helped reduce disease and mortality rates in some areas.

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Limited and Unequal Access
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Health services were often restricted to colonial elites or urban centers, excluding the majority of the native population from meaningful access or long-term benefit.
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Overview